Ethics of Bribery and Kickbacks Essay Example for Free

Ethics of Bribery and Kickbacks Essay Ethics of Bribery and Kickbacks Introduction            Following a careful observation, the gulf state should be deprived of the right to host the FIFA 2022 world cup following controversial payments of a huge sum of money to a former official along with his family. This raises ethical concerns since it breaks virtues of ethics as discussed in this paper. There should be an investigation to probe the payment of an unaccounted sum of two million dollars by the Qatari firm to justify the payments and if possible exonerate the firm from the corruption allegations. It would be in appropriate to allow such a controversial state to host a worldwide event such as the world cup with participants from all over the world, thus calls have been made from around the globe to the world’s football governing body to re re-run the bid to host this event. According to Sugden et.al, (1998) corruption breaches the ethics of virtues since it harms many people.            It has been formally announced that Qatar will be hosting the hilarious FIFA world cup in 2022. This is after a secret ballot vote by the FIFA Executive committee that was held in Zurich December 2010. A maximum of five candidates had presented their bids in anticipation of hosting the world’s spectacular sporting event. Again, according to utilitarian principle of ethics this is not right; it yields fewer benefits to a large number of people. Although Qatar views this as a great achievement, the FIFA officials who gave Qatar the privileged to host the 2022 world cup are to be compelled to justify this decision beyond reasonable doubt to the FIFA investigator following some disclosures from the telegraph. Michael Garcia who happens to be the chief investigator of the ethics committee has travelled to Zurich to hold numerous interviews following consistent pressures on FIFA to re run the bid once more (Scharfenort, 2012).            These meetings have been precipitated by some telegraph inquiry that disclosed how FIFA’s previous vice president along with his family were paid 2 million dollars from a firm that was linked to Qatar’s victorious bid. Although the particulars of who the executive committee chooses to support are usually high profile and secretly kept, the board members however are expected to be accountable for any breach of the bidding rules inclusive of the complicity between bids (Amara, 2007).            A spokesperson from the Qatar’s world cup organizing committee said that the bid committee strictly followed all the FIFA binding rules and regulations in full compliance with their standard ethical codes. He further claims that the highest committee for delivery and all the individuals concerned with 2022 bid committee are not aware of any allegations regarding dealings of any nature between private individuals. This is obviously a sophisticated cover up of the corruption allegations since the committee seems to have overlooked some serious allegations following telegraph disclosures which incriminated Qatar’s vice president, thus it is irrational to give a bid to host a world event to country with corrupt leaders and officials (Grix, 2012).            The chairperson of the parliamentary culture, sport and media committee argues that the controversial payments made to the Qatar’s former vice president along with his family is an adequate proof that the credibility of the whole process of selecting Qatar as the country to host the 2022 FIFA world cup is compromised, hence such process is subject to probing.            The ethics involved in bribery and kickbacks with regard to the National society of professional Engineers (NSPE) includes; †¢Striving to serve the public interest †¢Avoiding all conduct and practices that deceives the members of public †¢Avoiding any attempt to obtain employment, advancement or any professional engagement by improper or questionable methods. †¢Acceptance of personal responsibility for all professional activities. †¢Giving credit for any professional work to whom credit is due and not to whom credit is not worth. †¢Avoiding influence in professional duties by conflicting interest. References Amara, M. (2007). When the Arab world was mobilised around the FIFA 2006 World Cup. Journal of North African Studies, 12(4), 417-438. Grix, J. (2012). ‘Image’leveraging and sports mega-events: Germany and the 2006 FIFA World Cup. Journal of Sport Tourism, 17(4), 289-312. Scharfenort, N. (2012). Urban Development and Social Change in Qatar: The Qatar National Vision 2030 and the 2022 FIFA World Cup. Journal of Arabian Studies, 2(2), 209-230. Sugden, J Tomlinson, A., Darby, P. (1998). FIFA Versus UEFA in the Struggle for the Control of World Football (pp. 11-31). A. Brown (Ed.). London: Routledge. Source document

Growing Up in the Poem Death of a Naturalist Essay -- Seamus Haney

'Death of a Naturalist' is concerned with growing up and loss of innocence. The poet vividly describes a childhood experience that precipitates a change in the boy from the receptive and protected innocence of childhood to the fear and uncertainty of adolescence. Haney organizes his poem in two sections, corresponding to the change in the boy. By showing that this change is linked with education and learning, Haney is concerned with the inevitability of the progression from innocence to experience, concerned with the transformation from the unquestioning child to the reflective adult. The poem is set out in two sections of blank verse (rhymed iambic pentameter lines). The poem opens with an evocation of a summer landscape which has the immediacy of an actual childhood experience. There is also a sense of exploration in ?in the heart/Of the town land,? which is consistent with the idea of learning and exploration inevitably leading to discovery and the troubled awareness of experience. To achieve this Haney not only recreates the atmosphere of the flax-dam with accuracy and authenticity, but the diction is carefully chosen to create the effect of childlike innocence and naivety. The child?s natural speaking voice comes across in line 8, ?But best of all?. The vividness of his description is achieved through Haney use of images loaded with words that lengthen the vowels and have a certain weightiness in their consonants, ?green and heavy-headed Flax had rotted there, weighted down by huge sods.? The sound of the insects which, ?Wove a strong gauze of sound around the smell? is conveyed by the ?s? and ?z? sounds but also, importantly, acts like a bandage preventing the spread of decay. The images of decay, ?festered?, ?rot... ...bellied? and ?coarse croaking? remind us that the boy himself is going through changes. Leaving behind the receptive innocence of childhood and a feeling of being at ease with the natural world (the death of a naturalist of the title), the language of the second section expresses the boy's sense of distaste and fear for the physicality and sexuality of adolescence that he is now beginning to experience. The poem recreates and examines the moment of the child's confrontation with the fact that life is not what it seems. The experience transforms the boy's perception of the world. No longer is it a place for unquestioning sensuous delight. It is a dynamic world of uncertainty. The success of the poem derives from the effective way Haney builds up a totally convincing account of a childhood experience that deals with the excitement, pain and confusion of growing up.

How Media Influences Antisocial Behavior Essay

In this new generation research Indicates that many young people today spend a lot of time In front of the TV or on computer games and thus leading to the Implication that media Influences antl-soclal behaviour. Psychologists have researched Into explanations on media’s influence on antisocial behaviour, one of these explanations being the social learning theory (SLT). This advocates that we model our behaviour on behaviour that we observe; whether it’s antisocial or pro-social behaviour. Children can be expected to imitate behaviour illustrated through the media that is successful in gaining the model’s objectives. Further supporting this explanation, evidence from ‘natural experiments’ are used as authentication to the link that media Influences not lust antisocial behaviour but violent behaviour as well. One Psychologist, Phillips (1983) reinforced this theory by analysing crime statistics for the 10-day period following the publication of heavyweight boxing contests shown throughout the nation. The research exhibited a significant rise in the number of murders during that said period, thus highlighting how media influences antisocial behaviour. Through further interpretation on the social learning theory this explanation could e questioned, Despite all the psychologists experiments on the theory there Is no real evidence to support it. For instance, in 1993 two boys murdered James Bulger and were said to be inspired by the video ‘Child’s Play, however later it was conducted by Cumberbatch (2001) that no known link was ever found. It should also be taken into consideration that if two young influential boys were able to play such a violent and Impressionable game what type of parental figures they had on a dally basis and attachments they had with their primary care giver. It can be advocated hat the children had other outside affects that caused they to commit such a crime and that media was not the only reason and thus concluding that the media isn’t the only cause for antisocial behaviour. Furthermore, another explanation for media’s influence of antisocial behaviour is Justification. This vindication implies that violent behaviours may provide a Justification for a child’s own violent behaviour, or perhaps even go as far as providing moral guidelines regarding what Is acceptable and unacceptable. It Is suggested that children who act more aggressively watch violent elevision programmes In order to relieve their guilt and Justify their own aggression and thus advocating that the media allows them to channel that emotions and making their actions acceptable in their own mind. On further evaluation it should be prominent that programmes have mixed prc-social and antisocial messages. For example, the 198ffs television series ‘The A Team’ portrayed the typical heroic figures as behaving violently and so signifying that the negative effects of such programmes support the concept of Justification as Illustrated by Liss and Reinhardt (1979). Concluding that the use of aggression by pro-social characters provides an impression of moral justiflcation to their antisocial and violent behaviour, with which children already identify. Moreover, an alternative insinuation of explaining media’s influence on antisocial behaviour is Cognitive Priming. This refers to the activation of already existing aggressive thoughts and feelings. It highlights why children observe one variety of aggression on television and commit another type of aggression after. imprinting the shown behaviour and recall the memories in a later stimulation in the resent. The magnitude of cognitive priming was established by Josephson (1987). The psychologist looked into this by using hockey players as participants who were deliberately frustrated and then shown a violent or non-violent film where an actor held a walkie-talkie. This resulted in throughout the hockey game the player who had seen the violent clip behaved more aggressive in comparison to those whom where shown the non-violent clip. Josephson advocated that the walkie-talkie held by the referee acted as a trigger for aggression within the hockey player. And so through his it is demonstrated how media can influence behaviours by acting as a catalyst to existing aggressive thoughts. Additionally, another explanation for media’s influence on antisocial behaviour is desensitation. This contention underlines that under normal conditions, anxiety about violence inhibits its use. It suggested how media violence may stimulate aggressive behaviour by desensitising children to the effects of violence. This therefore results in the child being more accepting for aggressive and antisocial behaviours. However this is contradicted by Comberbatch (2001) who rgues that people might get ‘used’ to screen violence but that this does not necessarily mean a person will also get accustomed to violent or antisocial behaviours in their everyday life in the real world. It is claimed that screen violence is more likely to make children frightened’ then frightening thus contradicting the indication that the media desensitises the public to violent and antisocial behaviour. Overall, these explanations conduct valid explanations into how media influences antisocial behaviour. We are able to determine that media does in fact affect the way in which a person behaviour but to what extent is questionable.

Is Flirting the Same as Sexual Harassment

Is Flirting the Same as Sexual Harassment Critical Thinking 1760 Jue Hou 210625481 Professor Anthony Falikowski 2012/11/6 Word Count: 1226 Step 1: Model Case A sixty year old librarian trying to flirt with a young girl in the library by telling a sex joke when she is borrowing a book. The action annoys the girl a lot and she tries to leave the library as quick as she can. But the librarian stops the girl to flirt with her again by touching her face and arms which is inappropriate and scares the girl deeply. The girl calls the police. Flirting |Sexual Harassment | |The receiver feels happy |Often by forcing | |It relates to sex |Sexual content( relates to sex) | |It’s naughty, funny and exciting |Often involve physical touch and coarse | |The receiver wishes it |language | |Both the person who is doing it or the |Degrades people | |receiver have positive attitude toward |It is a crime | |each other |It scares people | |The receiver feels honour and attractive. It leaves the vic tim a negative memory | |It often involves welcomed physical touch |The victim does not wish or desire it. | |and flattering language |The victim feels shameful, sad, and angry | In this case, the inappropriate flirting definitely results the same as sexual harassment. The girl feels insulting and all the negative feelings caused by sexual harassment. Step 2: Contrary Case A middle age woman is troubled by lacking a boy friend for a long time. She meets a handsome and wealthy man in the bar. The man has a crush on her and trying to flirt with the woman by flattering her beauty and making some loving touch on her hair and shoulder. The woman is very happy and they finally wake up in the same bed together next morning. Flirting |Sex Harassment |Why not sex harassment | |The receiver feels happy |It involves forcing |The victim of harassment does not feel | |Welcomed physical touch and flattering |It is a crime |good | |It is equally happy and acceptable for |It scares and degrades peo ple |No one is being forced | |both sides | |No one committed a crime | | | |Sex harassment does not welcome the | | | |physical touch | | | |Only the person commits sex harassment | | | |feels happy and acceptable. | | | |No one is being scared and degraded |In this case, flirting is not the same as sexual harassment because everyone is happy and well accepted what the other is doing. Step 3: Borderline Case A young and beautiful woman wears a sexy dress in a party that held by her company. She tries to catch the eye of her boss and makes a good impression to her boss which is good for her career. Her boss is deeply attracted by her and flirting with her by touching the woman’s butt and whispering closely beside her ears. The action is definitely out of the woman’s control and out of her plan. She does not intend to cheat on her husband with her boss, but she can not claim her boss committed a sexual harassment because her career might be ended and it is ha rd to explain to her husband. Flirting |Sexual Harassment | |Can be used as a strategy to gain profit |It is defined by the receiver | |Can cause moral issue (cheats on the partner) |The victim may be forced to stay silent | |Can go far beyond then what one expected |It leads a negative effect to the marriage | |The receiver may misunderstands it | | In this case, the victim is hardly making any move. If she claims her boss for sexual harassment, her career might be ended and her husband would be so angry to her. Step 4: Social Contest A.Who would ask this question? A man who is claimed sexual harassment by a woman, however he believes that the girl was flirting with him first and he was just flirting back. This reminds me to the controversial case of Kobe Bryant who is a famous basketball player. A waitress claimed she was sexually harassed by Kobe, but Kobe thinks she was flirting with him first. The waitress got a huge amount of compensation from Kobe. No one knows the truth of w hether Kobe is a sexual abuser or the whole event is a set up for money. B. Why would he ask this question? The man wonders why a flirting smile result in sexual harassment when he feels the woman was flirting with him first.Maybe he misunderstands the man or maybe it is a dirty set up planed by the woman. C why is this a good social situation in which to place the question? As people are more and more focused on human rights and women rights, the guilty of sexual harassment has been raised higher and higher. However, the charity people hold for the disadvantage groups some times results negatively. Some people may use it to gain their own profit. It leads to the innocent man to doubt about the morality and his value towards the disadvantage groups. D What does C tell you about the concepts? The concept between flirting and sexual harassment can be hard to distinguish. A same conversation or body touch can be defined differently.The only way to define whether it is a sexual harassme nt or flirting is the attitude by the receiver. If the receiver believes it is flirting, then you are safe. If she or he believes it is a sexual harassment, then you better stop what you are doing or you may end up in jail. Step 5: Underlying Anxiety A. What sorts of feelings or worries cause you to personally ask this question? ? I’m curious on the concept of sexual harassment ? It is important to know what types of flirting will end to sexual harassment in order to stay away from a crime. ? I want to under stand more of flirting because it can help me to find a girlfriend. B. What about the question might cause you to worry?The question might be loaded that scares me to act flirting again. The way the question asked looks like flirting is being treated as sexual harassment some times which I believe it is totally different. And it could be a misleading that the two concepts are not related at all. C How are A and B helpful in understanding the question? ? It can help me to take my own position towards the question, and my position and concerns could be the same as majority. ? Perhaps the my worries may prove the question is very problematic that it miss-related two unrelated things ? After looking at my worries, I might find a new hidden factor of the question.Like is it a social cause to have the situation that flirting is taking form of sexual harassment Step 6: practical results A. If flirting is a form of sexual harassment ? Flirting is a crime. ? A potential couple hardly shows their interest to each other. ? The penalty of sexual harassment is hard to address ? A decrease in number of marriage and result in a negative increase in world population B. If flirting is not a form of sexual harassment. ? People who committed sexual harassment will claim they are flirting ? Inappropriate sexual attend will increase ? The victim of sexual harassment will hardly maintain their human rights Step 7: produce definitions of key concepts Flirting |Sexual Hara ssment | |The receiver feels happy |Often by forcing | |It relates to sex |Sexual content( relates to sex) | |It’s naughty, funny and excting |Often involve physical touch and coarse | |The receiver wishes it |language | |Both the person who is doing it or the |Degrades people | |receiver have positive attitude toward |It is a crime | |each other |It scares people | |The receiver feels honored and attractive. It leaves the victim a negative memory | |It often involves welcomed physical touch |The victim does not wish or desire it. | |and flattering language |The victim feels shameful, sad, and angry | Flirting: a naughty, funny, exciting and welcomed physical touch or flattering language, often relates to sexuality, which makes the receiver feels happy, honored and attractive. Sexual harassment: a sexual crime which committed by inappropriate physical touch and coarse language often by forcing. It is degrading and the victim feels shameful, sad, angry, and leaves the victim a negative memory because it is not what the victim whishes or desires. Step 8: Analytical chart Exclusive to flirting |Common to both |Exclusive to harassment | |Equally shared the positive attitude |Both of them relates to sexuality (T) |Different result that harassment leads to| |towards both the receiver and the actor |Both could involves physical touch (T) |shameful sad and angry but flirting leads| |(I) | |to happy and honored. (I) | 1. Both of them relates to sexuality. It is trivial because it relates to sex does not hold any importance in the outcome of the two concept. Sex itself does not tell you good or bad. However, an unwanted or forced sex is bad, wishful and desirable sex is positive. 2. Flirting leads to equally shared the positive attitude towards both the receiver and the actor.This is important because we can know that they both have positive feelings to each other so that no one is being forced unlike sexual harassment which against human rights. 3. The result i s different between flirting and sexual harassment. This is important and it is a main difference between the two concepts. Flirting leads to happiness but harassment leads to shameful and sad. It is always important to look at the result. It is the main measurement to value one’s action. As students in York University, people must get familiar with the idea of sexual harassment. Students are tired of hearing the news of someone is getting sexually abused in the library, in the hall way, or any place in York that people exist. It even happened last month.But the news involving sexual harassment are always on the top of our attentions because people are increasingly paying attentions to the human rights and particularly the rights of disadvantage groups. The sexual harassment is no longer only taken the forms of raping, forcing, or grouping as people used to think. An inappropriate sex joke or an unwanted physical touch could consider as sexual harassment as well. This would m ake people think is flirting considered the same as sexual harassment. The author argues that flirting does share a trivial similarity with sexual harassment, but they are essentially different. Both of flirting and sexual harassment deals with sexuality, but the receiver’s attitude towards the action is different and he outcomes they have are entirely contrary. First of all, both of flirting and sexual harassment share the same purpose of requesting sex to another. No mater what way a person is flirting, they can not cover the truth that they have sexual interest to the person they try to flirt, and so is sexual harassment. However, the similarity is trivial because people can not claim whether it is right or wrong by the action of sex itself. It is totally different between a forcing or unwanted sex and a wishful or desirable one. It is like a complete stop at the stop sign is different from not stopping the car at all although they are all dealing with driving.As a result, one can not conclude that flirting is the same as sexual harassment only because they both relates to sexuality. Some people may contradict this idea by claiming that not all flirting can receive a positive feed back. The receiver may not like the flirting or feels comfortable, and the result of this flirting would be the same as sexual harassment which makes the two concepts are the same. However, the objection misunderstands the definition of flirting. Flirting indicates a naughty, funny, exciting and welcomed physical touch or flattering language, often relates to sexuality, which makes the receiver feels happy, honored and attractive. It clearly states that the receiver likes the action and feels happy.If the receiver hates the action, then it is not called flirting but sexual harassment. The objection leads to a major difference between the two concepts as stated below. Flirting equally shares the positive attitude towards both the receiver and the actor, but sexual harassment is only taken as one-sided willingness. As ones should notice, sexual harassment often involves forcing and the actor is being satisfied by against the will of the victim. On the other hand, everyone is feeling joyful and satisfied in the case of flirting. This difference is definitely important. People have their rights to choose what they want and achieve their willingness on their own.It is the basic of human rights, and anything that stops them from their legal willingness should be considered as a crime which is exactly the case of sexual harassment which sexually satisfies the actor by forcing the victim to do what they are not willing to do. An objection of this argument could be that whether the action is defined as flirting or sexual harassment is only based on the words of the receiver. There are lots of cases that during the conversation or physical touch, the receiver is happy and joyful. But, he or she lies that the actor committed a sexual harassment later on. It coul d be the reasons of compensation or being famous. The point is this kind of thing exists in the modern society, and it results a lovely flirting ends up to a sexual harassment. The author would shut the objection down by stating the key definition of flirting again.In the case of flirting, both of actor and the receiver feels happy, satisfied and joyful. However, in the case of the objection, the actor is definitely not feeling happy after he is forced to the title of sexual abuser. It should be considered as a dirty set up which is not even close to the loving action called flirting. Last but not least, the results come from flirting and sexual harassment are entirely different. Sexual harassment scares, degrades people and makes the victim feels shameful, sad, and angry. It leaves the victim a negative memory in the future which he or she will never forget. It is a scar in the mind that reminds people the tragedy will hurts people forever in the rest of their lives.It is a nightma re that wakes people up in the late night and keeps them awake until morning when the sun raises but the sunshine hardly goes throw the window. On the contrary, flirting does not cause any pain for both the actor and receiver. It brings happiness, excitement, and pleasure to them. It is the sweet dream that holds people together, and it is the beginning of a loving relationship or marriage. The difference is important because the results are the main measurement to value each of the two concepts. If sexual harassment ends up to the result of happiness and joy as flirting, then it is not a crime or prohibited by the society. Likewise, if flirting causes painfulness and against the will of the receiver, then it should be considered as a crime which is prohibited by the society.As a result, the difference between the outcomes of the two concepts distinguishes the ideas of flirting and sexual harassment. Some people could give an example of contrary, and it is a true event happened in T oronto. A brother in law was sexually abusing his sister in law by raping. The girl was fighting hard at first, but after a few minutes, the excitement caused by forbidden sex fulfilled her mind. They kept having this relation for a long time and both of them felt happy. The example may prove that the sexual harassment can end up in peace and joy which is the same as flirting, and it shows that flirting is the same as sexual harassment. The author admits that the unexpected sex does cause excitement, and so does the feeling of reaching sexual climax.But, there is no way for this kind of excitement takes the form of happiness. It only causes guilty, disloyalty, and unfaithfulness. No matter how long, there is one day they are going to experience the shame and degradation by their own moral judgement, and find out that sexual harassment is never going to be the same as flirting. The relations between people are getting much more complicate while people are trying to reduce the respons ibilities they should carry on their sexualities. But the sex is never getting any simpler as people expected. Social problems are raised because of the inappropriate attend to sex which is claimed as sexual harassment.It is a one-sided will that hurts the victim and leads to a negative effect on the victim. Although, both sexual harassment and flirting are dealing with sexuality, flirting satisfies both the actor and the reviver’s willingness and has a positive outcome. Outline Position: Flirting and sexual harassment shares a trivial similarity, but essentially different 1. both deal with sex explain first and prove it is trivial by an example with of driving habit in order to show this trivial similarity might leads to important difference Objection: flirting may have negative feed back which result the same as sexual harassment Response: by definition, if it response negatively, then it is not flirting but sexual harassment 2. ne is one-sided willingness, the other satisf ies both wills explain and prove it is important by the basic of human rights and show why harassment is a crime but flirting is not Objection: flirting or harassment is explained only by the opinion of the receiver, if she/he lies the result of a flirting may end up the same as harassment. Response: this case may violate the flirting’s idea of both actor and receiver are happy, so it is a set up but not an action of flirting. 3. outcomes are different Explain that one has possible outcome and one has negative. Objection: the example of sexual harassment proves excitement caused by prohibited sex Response: the excitement is morally wrong and leads to shame and degradation

Share Your Writing Tips

Share Your Writing Tips Share Your Writing Tips Share Your Writing Tips By Sharon It was about time to get our wonderful readers involved with the blog. Instead of writing an article with one hand, therefore, lets group our knowledge and see what comes out of it. The topic I want to cover is Tips to Become a Better Writer. All you need to do is to send one tip that you used to become a better writer. You can do this either by posting a comment below or by sending me an email via the contact form. Next Monday I will publish all the tips in a single article, so that we can use it as reference. In order to kick start it below you will find my tip: Pay attention to punctuation; especially to the correct use of commas and periods. These two punctuation marks regulate the flow of your thoughts, and they can make your text confusing even if the words are clear. What methods have you used to improve your writing skills? What technique helped you to increase your vocabulary or correct your grammar? Dont be shy and share them with us! Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Apply to, Apply for, and Apply with75 Idioms and Expressions That Include â€Å"Break†20 Slang Terms for Law Enforcement Personnel

Barriers and solutions to international trade

Barriers and solutions to international trade INTRODUCION This essay provides an overview of the barriers to international trade faced by economies today with examples of barriers faced in various countries, and their solutions. International trade promotes high standard of living for trading nations and hence, despite its various ill effects, it is best to practice international trade as it provides economic and social benefits to economies bringing about an upturn in global economy. This essay attempts to bring to light, the general barriers international trade faces presently and its solutions with recent examples. INTERNATIONAL TRADE: AN INTRODUCTION Trade among countries has existed for a long period now. The trade between Asia and Europe marks this fact as Morrison (2006, pp.314-315) examines that these two continents have engaged in Trade since a long period. He also suggests that with time, international trade has come a long way as far as volume and patterns of trade between nations is concerned. Morrison (2006) has re ferred to figures by the World Trade Organisation (2004, cited in International Trade Statistics 2003, World Trade Developments 2002) from the official website of the WTO that Asia’s share of global merchandise exports has gradually increased, Northern America’s share has slightly decreased and Western Europe’s share has recovered from a downfall in 2001, but not as much as it did in 1990. Morrison further suggests, from 2000 to 2002, China’s exports and imports rose by 30 per cent and today, China is one of the world’s largest traders. Therefore, we may note that International trade plays a very essential role in globalization trends in the world economy. UNDERSTANDING ‘TRADE PROTECTIONISM’ Protectionism is †The deliberate use or encouragement of restrictions on imports to enable relatively inefficient domestic producers to compete successfully with foreign producers, or to protect and preserve those industries and producers con sidered of critical national interest.† (McCracken, 2005) Coughlin et al (1988) state that Protectionist Trade Policies are meant to improve the position of domestic products as compared to its foreign equivalents, and that this may be done through various policies – by increment of the market price of the foreign product or by barring access of foreign products to the domestic market. They explain that protectionist trade policies aim to expand domestic production in the protected industries for the benefit of the owners, suppliers and workers of the protected industry. However this may lead to a downturn in the consumption of protected goods due to either associated rise in its price or consumers start using less of other goods as a result of the decline in outputs and increase in prices. Coughlin et al hence, argue that domestic consumers are said to be impaired as the price of the protected goods keep increasing. Hence, imposing of tariffs lead to domestic producers ’ and the government’s gain, while domestic consumers’ and other domestic producers’ loss. These trade policies also affect foreign interests. ‘FREE TRADE’ & ITS THEORIES Free Trade is †trade between nations that is unhampered by Government constraints such as tariffs, restrictions, and other barriers.† (Financial Times Limited, 2009) Theory of Absolute Advantage

Building construction and fire services #2 Essay

Building construction and fire services #2 - Essay Example Lightweight wooden binds are assembled by 50 mm Ãâ€" 150 mm, 50 mm Ãâ€" 100 mm, or 50 mm Ãâ€" 75 mm (2 Ãâ€" 6, 2 Ãâ€" 4, or 2 Ãâ€" 3-inch) timber joined together by gusset plates (Malanga, 1995, p47). Just like every structural element, these trusses are debatably vulnerable to failure when expose to fire or extremely high temperatures. Wooden houses or ceilings are famous for quick fire spread and early disastrous failure in as small as 4 minutes of fire involvement (Malanga, 1995, p44). Unguarded lightweight wooden or even steel binds will stop working after 5 to 10 minutes of contact to fire or extremely high. Binds can fail from contact to heat alone exclusive of any flames. For wood trusses, 100 °F (53.8 °C) is the decisive temperature (Malanga, 1995, p46). Metal gusset plates in wooden binds, unless corner-nailed, can distort and fail extremely fast when exposed to high temperature. Even though, both wooden and steel trusses might be confined with fire-retardant treatments to develop their fire opposition, a majority of them lack this essential matter and; hence put the lives of people at